Sank's Glossary of Linguistics 
 Hes-Hz

HETEROCLISIS

  1. (Morphology) Nouns that can't decide what declension class they are in. | Neil Myler, 2023
  2. (Morphology) Refers to the property of a lexeme whose inflectional paradigm contains forms built upon stems belonging to two or more distinct inflection classes. Consider, for example, the declension of the Czech nominal lexeme PRAMEN 'spring, source' in Table 1. In the singular portion of its paradigm, PRAMEN inflects as a member of the 'soft-masculine' declension exemplified by POKOJ 'room'; in the plural portion of its paradigm, it inflects as a member of the 'hard-masculine' declension exemplified by MOST 'bridge'.
     
    1. Declension Soft-Masculine Hard-Masculine
      Singular NOM pokoj pramen   most
        GEN pokoje pramene   mostu
        DAT pokoji prameni   mostu
        ACC pokoj pramen   most
        VOC pokoji prameni   moste
        LOC pokoji prameni   mostĕ
        INSTR pokojem pramenem   mostem
      Plural NOM pokoje   prameny mosty
        GEN pokojů   pramenů mostů
        DAT pokojům   pramenům mostům
        ACC pokoje   prameny mosty
        VOC pokoje   prameny mosty
        LOC pokojích   pramenech mostech
        INSTR pokoji   prameny mosty

     Heteroclisis is a widely observable phenomenon in natural language: it is not restricted to lexemes belonging to any particular syntactic category, nor are Indo-European languages the only source of examples. Indeed, languages that have inflection-class distinctions tend to exhibit heteroclisis. Languages exemplifying this tendency include Hausa (Afro-Asiatic), Mongolian (Altaic), Ngiyambaa (Australian), Chukchi (Chukotko-Kamchatkan), Fula (Niger-Congo), Fur (Nilo-Saharan), Tshakhur (North Caucasian), Zapotec (Oto-Manguean), Takelma (Penutian), Lakota (Siouan), and Mari (Uralic). | Gregory T. Stump, 2006

HETEROCLITE

  1. (Grammar) An irregularly declined or inflected word. | Wiktionary, 2023
  2. (Diachronic) A word whose etymological roots come from distinct, different languages or language groups. | Wiktionary, 2023

HETEROCLITIC
(Morphology; Indo-European) Signifying a stem which alternates between more than one form when declined for grammatical case. Examples of heteroclitic noun stems in Proto-Indo-European (PIE) include

  1. *wod-r/n- 'water'
    *wódr nominoaccusative
    *udnés genitive
    *udén locative
  2. *yékw-r/n- 'liver'
    *yékwr nominoaccusative
    *ikwnés genitive
 In PIE, heteroclitic stems tend to be noun stems with grammatically inanimate gender. | Wiktionary, 2023

HIGHEST COPY
(Syntax) 

Highest Copy
The highest copy of X is the one which asymmetrically c-commands all other copies of X.
 | Neil Myler, 2023

HISTORICAL-COMPARATIVE LINGUISTICS

  1. (Diachronic) How languages change across time; the principles involved in phonological, morphological, syntactic, semantic changes as well as the methodologies used in analyzing historical changes; a cross-section of language families; describe and classify language change; identify recurrent sound correspondences; reconstruct ancestral forms and subgroup languages; regular sound change in a wide variety of languages; also analogy, convergence, semantic change, and syntactic change. | Abd. Madjid Djuraid and M.Hum, 2019
  2. (Diachronic) The goal of historical-comparative linguistics is to bring the evidence of language to bear on explaining the origins and development of human societies, in the absence of or in conjunction with the insights achieved from the range of disciplines concerned with society (Sidwell 2010, cf. Bowern and Evans 2014). This goal is achieved through the classification of languages into families and subgroups, the reconstruction of proto-languages at different levels and the investigation of processes of linguistic change. | Harold Koch et al., 2014

HISTORICAL PRESENT

  1. (Grammar) Or, dramatic present tense, or, narrative present tense. The use of the present tense, in narrative, to refer to events which began and ended at some time previous to the moment at which the narrative itself is told.
     Two properties are characteristic of the conversational historical present (CHP) are sufficient to distinguish this feature from other occurrences of the present tense which have sometimes been confused with it.
    1. The occurrence of CHP is restricted, by definition, to conversational narrative.
    2. CHP alternates with the simple past tense in such a way that
      a. The simple past tense is always substitutable for CHP without change in referential meaning.
      b. CHP is never found in all verbs where it could have been used.
     The CHP alternation set comprises not only the simple forms of the past and present tenses but also their aspectual variants, the past and present progressive forms and the past and present perfect forms. | Nessa Wolfson, 1982
  2. (Grammar) Or, historic present, or, dramatic present, or, narrative present.  The employment of the present tense when narrating past events. It is widely used in writing about history in Latin (where it is sometimes referred to by its Latin name, præsens historicum) and some modern European languages. In English, it is used above all in historical chronicles (listing a series of events). It is also used in fiction, for "hot news" (as in headlines), and in everyday conversation (Huddleston and Pullum 2002). | Wikipedia, 2021
  3. (Grammar) A term describing the use of a present tense form while narrating events which happened in the past; for example, (1).
    1. Three weeks ago I'm walking down this road, when I see Smithers coming towards me ...
     This usage is common in contexts where the speaker wishes to convey a sense of drama, immediacy or urgency. | David Crystal, 2008

HOMOPHONE
(Morphology) A word that is pronounced the same (to varying extent) as another word but differs in meaning. A homophone may also differ in spelling. The two words may be spelled the same, for example rose (flower) and rose (past tense of rise), or differently, as in rain, reign, and rein. The term homophone may also apply to units longer or shorter than words, for example a phrase, letter, or groups of letters which are pronounced the same as another phrase, letter, or group of letters. Any unit with this property is said to be homophonous. | Wikipedia, 2022

HOMORGANIC CONSONANT
(Phonetics) From homo- 'same' and organ '(speech) organ'. A consonant sound articulated in the same place of articulation as another. For example, [p], [b] and [m] are homorganic consonants of each other as they share the place of articulation of bilabial. Consonants not articulated in the same place are called heterorganic. | Wikipedia, 2021

HORN SCALE
(Pragmatics) In uttering (la) below, the speaker implicates (lb) on the basis of the pair hot and warm.

  1. a. It is warm in Northern California today.
    b. '(The speaker believes) it is not hot in Northern California today.'
 The pairs (or sets) of semantically stronger and weaker expressions that license or provide a basis for implicatures like the above are called Horn scales (Horn 1972, 1989, Levinson 1983). According to the convention introduced by Horn, such a scale is indicated in angular brackets, with the items in the scale ordered from strongest to weakest (from left to right), as in 〈 hot, warm 〉. | Yo Matsumoto, 1995

HYBRID COMPOUND
(Morphology) 

Compound Word Hybridization in a Pashto TV Program
Compound Words Frequency Compound Words Frequency
1. Federal hukoomat  4 5. Ehtisab commission  6
2. Sobai assemblay  3 6. Ehtisab act  1
3. Opposition partianey  1 7. Vice chancelleran  1
4. Aeeni body  1 8. Check postona  1
 The above table provides eight instances of compound word hybridization. Data collected from the TV program shows that compound words can have different forms after they are hybridized. Two dominant patterns can be noticed in the above list of words. The first pattern is a hybrid compound where one part of the compound is from one language and another part from a different language. In the above list, words following this pattern are: federal hukoomat, aeeni body, ehtisab commission and ehtisab act.
 The second pattern that can be noticed in the compound word hybridization is that one element or part of the compound is from one language but the second element or part of the compound is a hybridized form in itself. The compounds which follow the second pattern in the above list are sobai assemblay, opposition partianey, vice chancelleran, and check postona. | Nisar Ahmad, Liaqat Iqbal, and Muhammad Atif, 2020

HYPERCORRECTION
(Sociolinguistics) Non-standard use of language that results from the over-application of a perceived rule of language-usage prescription. A speaker or writer who produces a hypercorrection generally believes through a misunderstanding of such rules that the form is more "correct", standard, or otherwise preferable, often combined with a desire to appear formal or educated (Wilson 1993, Labov 1972).
 Linguistic hypercorrection occurs when a real or imagined grammatical rule is applied in an inappropriate context, so that an attempt to be "correct" leads to an incorrect result. It does not occur when a speaker follows "a natural speech instinct", according to Otto Jespersen and Robert J. Menner (1937). | Wikipedia, 2022

HYPER-RAISING

  1. (Syntax) Raising a DP from an embedded finite clause into the matrix clause. HR introduces a phase problem: the embedded clause is finite, which is supposed to be impervious to raising. | Suzana Fong, 2018
  2. (Syntax) Example (1) illustrates that raising to the matrix clause is impossible if the lower clause is tensed. This is generally taken to indicate that the subject John has its Case needs met in the lower clause, rendering it inactive for Case-checking and agreement operations in the higher clause.
    1. * John seems [ (that) <John> is sick ]
     Many Bantu languages exhibit apparent raising out of a finite clause in a construction known as hyper-raising (cf. Harford Perez 1985, Tanaka 2002, Martin and Nunes 2005, Nunes 2008, Ura 1998, Zeller 2006 for similar problems in various languages). Lubukusu and Lusaamia are two members of the Luyia subgroup of Bantu spoken in Kenya; the (a) examples below give perceptual verbs with expletive subjects, whereas the (b) examples have raised subjects and thus appear comparable to the unacceptable English example in (1); yet they are grammatical.
    1. Lubukusu
      a.
       
      Ka-lolekhana
      6SA-seem
      (mbo)
      (that)
      babaandu
      2people
      ba-kwa
      2SA.PST-fall
        'It seems that the people fell.'
      b.
       
      babaandu
      2people
      ba-lolekhana
      2SA-seem
      (mbo)
      (that)
      ba-kwa
      2SA.PST-fall
        'The people seem like they fell / The people seem to have fallen.'
    2. Lusaamia
      a.
       
      Bi-bonekhana
      8SA-appear
      koti
      that
      Ouma
       
      a-kusa
      1SA-sell
      enyumba
      9house
      eyaye
      9POSS
        'It appears that Ouma is selling his house.'
      b.
       
      Ouma
       
      a-bonekhana
      1SA-appear
      (koti)
      (that)
      a-kusa
      1SA-sell
      enyumba
      9house
      eyaye
      9POSS
        'Ouma appears as if he's selling his house / Ouma appears to be selling his house.'
     Though hyper-raising has been described in quite a few languages, it has most often been linked to circumstances in which tense and agreement in the embedded clause are less than robust. | Vicki Carstens and Michael Diercks, 2009

 

Page Last Modified April 6, 2024

 
 B a c k   T o   I n d e x